物理學家永遠無法把孤立的假說單獨拿去做實驗檢驗,而只能檢驗一整組假說。 — 中譯;英文原句 “the physicist can never subject an isolated hypothesis to experimental test, but only a whole group of hypotheses”(Duhem [1914] 1954, p. 187,經 SEP「Underdetermination of Scientific Theory」轉引)
Putnam, H. (1975). Mathematics, Matter and Method: Philosophical Papers, Volume 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521206655. Google Books(無奇蹟論述見 p. 73,依 SEP「Scientific Realism」引用)
Boyd, R. N. (1983). "On the Current Status of the Issue of Scientific Realism." Erkenntnis 19(1/3): 45–90. Springer
Lipton, P. (2004). Inference to the Best Explanation, 2nd ed. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780415242035. Routledge
Laudan, L. (1981). "A Confutation of Convergent Realism." Philosophy of Science 48(1): 19–49. doi:10.1086/288975
Psillos, S. (1996). "Scientific Realism and the 'Pessimistic Induction'." Philosophy of Science 63 (Proceedings): S306–S314. doi:10.1086/289965
Psillos, S. (1999). Scientific Realism: How Science Tracks Truth. London: Routledge. Routledge(divide et impera 見第 5 章 “Resisting the pessimistic induction”;SEP 引其 p. 108)
Magnus, P. D. & Callender, C. (2004). "Realist Ennui and the Base Rate Fallacy." Philosophy of Science 71(3): 320–338. doi:10.1086/421536
Stanford, P. K. (2006). Exceeding Our Grasp: Science, History, and the Problem of Unconceived Alternatives. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195174083. Oxford University Press
Laudan, L. & Leplin, J. (1991). "Empirical Equivalence and Underdetermination." Journal of Philosophy 88(9): 449–472. PDC
Quine, W. V. O. (1951). "Two Dogmas of Empiricism." Philosophical Review 60(1): 20–43. doi:10.2307/2181906
Duhem, P. (1954). The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory, trans. P. P. Wiener. Princeton: Princeton University Press.(法文原著 La théorie physique: son objet, sa structure, 1906;英譯本據 1914 第二版。p. 187 之句見 SEP「Underdetermination of Scientific Theory」引用)